There was renaissance, literally means, re-birth --- re-birth of knowledge.  This period was from 14^th century to 16^th century, and Machiavelli was the first modern thinker. Then, we had reformation known as the period of ‘Enlightenment’ 18^th century. In post Enlightenment, we had Liberalism, Nationalism, Democracy...

It is not easy to conclude that Islam or Marxism are “ideology” per se. We can say that some interpretation or interpretations of Islam or Marxism make them into an ideology --- in negative or positive senses --- rather than philosophy. On the other hand, with considering your assumption that “we need...  

This is a typical central Asian phenomenon. Example can be taken of Turkamanistan, Ozbakistan, Tajikistan, etc. These states are neither totalitarian, nor full fledge democracies; however, they are heading towards democracy. Brooker talks of peculiarities of these regimes. According to him...